Identify Friend or Foe (IFF System)
The first passive RFID system, discovered by Scottish physicist Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source such as a battery and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object.
Active RFID
With internal power source
Long range
Typically higher cost
Passive RFID
Without internal power source
Short range
Typically lower cost
Battery-Assisted Passive
With internal power source
Long range
Typically higher cost
Low frequency
30KHz - 300KHz
Very short read range: 10 cm
Slower read speed
Example:
ISO 14223: RFID for animals
ISO 18000-2: RFID for items
High frequency
3MHz - 30MHz
Short read range: 10 cm - 1 m
Moderate read speed
Example:
JIS X 6319-4: Octopus card (FeliCa)
ISO 18092: NFC
ISO 14443: Mifare card
Ultra-high frequency
300MHz - 3GHz
Long read range: 12 m
Faster read speed
Example:
Bluetooth: ~ 2.4GHz
802.11N: ~ 2.4GHz or 5GHz
3G mobile: 1.8GHz - 2.5GHz
4G Mobile: 2GHz - 8GHz
February 26, 1935
The first passive RFID system, discovered by Scottish physicist Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt
January 23, 1973
Invented by Mario W. Cardullo
1990s
IBM engineers developed and patented
1999s
Initially founded in 1999, to develop an open standard architecture
2014
RAIN RFID is a wireless technology that connects billions of everyday items to the Internet, enabling businesses and consumers to identify, locate, authenticate, and engage with each item.
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